C# One Variable Curve Fitting Example

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using System;

using CenterSpace.NMath.Core;


namespace CenterSpace.NMath.Examples.CSharp
{
  class OneVariableCurveFittingExample
  {
    /// <summary>
    /// The OneVariableFunctionFitter&lt;T&gt; Needs a parameterized function
    /// and a set of data points. One way to specify the parameterized function,
    /// and optionally its gradient with respect to the parameters, is to
    /// implement an instance of the abstract class DoubleParameterizedFunction.
    /// You must overwrite the Evaluate() method which computes and returns the
    /// parameterized function value at a specified set of parameters and 
    /// point. It is optional to overwrite the GradientWithRespectToParams() method.
    /// If you do not overwrite it, a numerical approximation using finite differences
    /// will be used to approximate the gradient if it is needed.
    /// 
    /// Here the parameterized function we are defining is a three parameter 
    /// exponential function given by the formula
    /// 
    /// p0 * exp(p1 * x) + p2
    /// 
    /// </summary>
    class ThreeParamExponential : DoubleParameterizedFunction
    {
      /// <summary>
      /// Override the abstract evaluate function.
      /// </summary>
      /// <param name="parameters">The parameter values.</param>
      /// <param name="x">The point to evaluate at.</param>
      /// <returns>The value of the parameterized function at the given
      /// point and parameters.</returns>
      public override double Evaluate( DoubleVector parameters, double x )
      {
        if ( parameters.Length != 3 )
        {
          throw new InvalidArgumentException( "Incorrect number of function parameters to ThreeParameterExponential: " + parameters.Length );
        }
        return parameters[0] * Math.Exp( parameters[1] * x ) + parameters[2];
      }

      /// <summary>
      /// Since the gradient of our function is rather easy to derive, we will
      /// override the GradientWithRespectToParams() function. Remember, this is
      /// the vector of partial derivatives with respect to the parameters, NOT the variables.
      /// </summary>
      /// <param name="parameters">Evaluate the gradient at these parameter values.</param>
      /// <param name="x">Evaluate the gradient at this point.</param>
      /// <param name="grad">Place the value of the gradient in this vector.</param>
      /// <remarks>Note how this function does not return the gradient as a new
      /// vector, but places the gradient value in a vector supplied by the 
      /// calling routine. This is for optimization purposes. The curve fitter uses 
      /// an optimization algorithm that will most likely be iterative, and thus may 
      /// need to evaluate the gradient many times. Having the vector 
      /// passed in to the routine allows the calling code to allocate space for the 
      /// gradient once and reuse it on successive calls, thus avoiding the potential 
      /// of allocating a large number of small objects on the managed heap.</remarks>
      public override void GradientWithRespectToParams( DoubleVector parameters, double x, ref DoubleVector grad )
      {
        grad[0] = Math.Exp( parameters[1] * x );
        grad[1] = parameters[0] * x * Math.Exp( parameters[1] * x );
        grad[2] = 1.0;
      }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// A .NET example in C# showing how to fit a generalized multivariable function to a set 
    /// of points.
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>
    /// Uses the trust-region algorithm.
    /// </remarks>
    static void Main( string[] args )
    {
      // Class OneVariableFunctionFitter fits a parameterized function to a
      // set of points. In the space of the function parameters, beginning at a specified
      // starting point, the Fit() method finds a minimum (possibly local) in the sum of
      // the squared residuals with respect to the data. Fit() uses a nonlinear least
      // squares minimizer specified as a generic argument.

      var xValues = new DoubleVector( "[-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3]" );
      var yValues = new DoubleVector( "[1 1.2 1.8 2.8 6.6 14.6 40]" );

      // Starting guess in the space of the function parameters.
      var start = new DoubleVector( "[1 .6 .7]" );

      // Construct a curve fitting object for our function, then perform the fit. We will use the
      // TrustRegionMinimizer implementation of the non-linear least squares minimizer to find the optimal
      // set of parameters. 
      var f = new ThreeParamExponential();
      var fitter = new OneVariableFunctionFitter<TrustRegionMinimizer>( f );
      DoubleVector solution = fitter.Fit( xValues, yValues, start );

      Console.WriteLine();

      // Display the results
      Console.WriteLine( "Fit #1" );
      Console.WriteLine( "NMath solution: " + solution );
      Console.WriteLine( "NMath residual: " + fitter.Minimizer.FinalResidual );
      Console.WriteLine();

      // The parameterized function used by the fitter may also be specified using a delegate.
      // Here we define a delegate for the same three parameter exponential function
      // p0*exp(p1*x) + p2
      Func<DoubleVector, double, double> fdelegate = delegate( DoubleVector p, double x )
      {
        if ( p.Length != 3 )
        {
          throw new InvalidArgumentException( "Incorrect number of function parameters to ThreeParameterExponential: " + p.Length );
        }
        return p[0] * Math.Exp( p[1] * x ) + p[2];
      };

      // The delegate for the parameterized function may be used directly in OneVariableFunctionFitter
      // constructors, or may be wrapped by the DoubleParameterizedDelegate, which implements 
      // DoubleParameterizedFunction. Here we do the latter.
      // Note that we do not supply the gradient with respect
      // to parameters. The gradient will be computed using a finite difference algorithm if
      // needed.
      fitter.Function = new DoubleParameterizedDelegate( fdelegate );
      
      // Perform the fit and display the results
      solution = fitter.Fit( xValues, yValues, start );
      Console.WriteLine( "Fit #1 (Repeated without user specified Partial Derivatives)" );
      Console.WriteLine( "NMath solution: " + solution );
      Console.WriteLine( "NMath residual: " + fitter.Minimizer.FinalResidual );
      Console.WriteLine();

      // Now lets perform the fit again using some random data. First we generate
      // 50 random x,y points in range (-4,4).
      xValues = new DoubleVector( 50, new RandGenUniform( -4, 4 ) );

      //// The target solution (parameter values).
      var target = new DoubleVector( "2 1 1" );

      // When calculating the y values, we add some noise, so the points
      // dont lie exactly on the target curve.
      yValues = new DoubleVector( 50, new RandGenUniform( -.1, .1 ));
      for ( int i = 0; i < yValues.Length; i++ )
      {
        yValues[i] += fdelegate( target, xValues[i] );
      }

      // Perform the fit and display the results
      solution = fitter.Fit( xValues, yValues, start );
      Console.WriteLine( "Fit #2" );
      Console.WriteLine( "Target solution: " + target );
      Console.WriteLine( "Actual solution: " + solution );
      Console.WriteLine( "Residual: " + fitter.Minimizer.FinalResidual );
      Console.WriteLine();

      Console.WriteLine();
      Console.WriteLine( "Press Enter Key" );
      Console.Read();

    }  // Main

  }  // class

} // namespace

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